发布时间:2021-01-28 08:00:30来源:品读诗词歌赋
在中国古代诗歌中,怀古咏史诗是极其重要的一类。
它多是以历史题材作为咏写对象,或歌咏人物,或感慨兴亡,在对历史的品评、凭吊中,寄托个人的怀抱,以古鉴今。
现存最早的咏史诗,可以追溯到东汉班固的《咏史》,此后这一题材便被不断拓展书写,最有名的如:
苏轼的《念奴娇赤壁怀古》,“大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物”;
杜牧的《题乌江亭》,“江东子弟多才俊,卷土重来未可知”;
杜甫的《咏怀古迹》其三,“一去紫台连朔漠,独留青冢向黄昏”等。
在这众多的咏怀诗篇中,“六朝古都”金陵(南京),因其频繁的王朝更迭、厚重的历史人文底蕴,成为了诗人们最爱吟咏的一座古迹。
我们今天要赏析的刘禹锡的一首咏古绝唱《西塞山怀古》,便是如此。
王濬楼船下益州,金陵王气黯然收。
千寻铁索沉江底,一片降幡出石头。
人世几回伤往事,山形依旧枕寒流。
从今四海为家日,故垒萧萧芦荻秋。
太康元年(280),晋大将王濬奉晋武帝司马炎之命,统领由高大战船——“楼船”组成的水军,顺江而下,讨伐东吴。
“王濬楼船下益州,金陵王气黯然收”。
自秦以来,统治者们纷纷迷信金陵有“帝王之气”,于是六朝相继建都金陵,以西塞山(西塞山,在今湖北省黄石市东面的长江边上,是六朝有名的军事要塞)的虎踞龙盘,维护帝业的万世不堕。
吴主孙皓自以为建都金陵,便能安枕无忧,哪知当王濬率领的庞大楼船一路杀来时,所谓的金陵王气霎时消散。
一个“下”字,显出王濬楼船的势不可挡;一个“收”字,则概括出了孙皓政权大厦之倾、兵败山倒的衰颓之势。
“千寻铁索沉江底,一片降幡出石头”。
“千寻铁锁”是吴主孙皓命人在江中险要处轧上铁锥,又用大铁索横于江面,以拦截晋国的船只。但最终仍是失败,晋国的军队直驱而入。
石头,指的便是石头城,亦即金陵。
想东吴之地,兵非不多,将非不广,地非不险,城非不固,但最终还是因为统治者的荒淫误国,令金陵城被攻破。
昔日君主,沦为俘虏,耻辱地升起降旗。
一“沉”一“出”间,尽是历史兴亡的感慨。刘禹锡以此说明这样一个历史规律:
国家的兴亡,不在地形,而在人事。
“人世几回伤往事,山形依旧枕寒流”,这两句因哲理深厚,更是流传千古,广为传唱。
人世间有多少叫人感伤的往事,西塞山却依旧背靠着滚滚的长江。
自三国以来,由吴到晋再到宋、齐、梁、陈,金陵见证了多少王朝的繁华,就同样见证了它们短暂而无可避免的颓势。
当六朝繁华消散,过往的风流都不在了,唯有山形依旧,寒流依旧。
而自古以来,怀古往往是为着伤今。
公元805年,刘禹锡与柳宗元、王叔文等人企图改革弊政,挽救唐王朝的颓势,发起了“永贞革新”。
但最终,这场运动轰轰烈烈开始,却只持续了数月,便黯然收场。这一事件更是成为刘禹锡人生的转折点。
此后的他,一贬再贬,由连州而至夔州,又由夔州而至和州,此中失落感伤,又未尝不寄寓在这深沉的历史感慨间。
“从今四海为家日,故垒萧萧芦荻秋”。
如今四海一统成为一家,昔日的壁垒也已成为一片残垣废墟,唯有江岸边的芦苇摇动在萧萧的秋风中。
如果把盛唐比作满目葱茏的热烈的夏日,那么中唐便总让人想起万木凋零的萧瑟的深秋。
尽管安史之乱已过去数十载,但唐王朝日暮黄昏的颓势却并没能挽回。
克莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形,而球面或轮胎面是可克莱因瓶克莱因瓶定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶,有一点似乎令人困惑--“67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星[67]在太CHAPTERX.TOBACCOOFFERINGS.1808.ItwasabeautifulmoonlighteveninginAugust.Ashadowyhazelingeredovertheriver,whichglistenedandsparkledinthemoonlight.TheChiefandseveralmembersofhisfamilywereseatedonthebeachinfrontoftheWigwamlisteningtotheHonorableJosephPapineau,who,withhisson,LouisJoseph,hadcomeupinacanoetoseethefalls.TheformerhadrecentlypurchasedfromBishopLavaltheunsettledseignioryofPetitNation,andhaderectedanunpretentiouscottage,whichheoccupiedduringthesummermonths.HON.LOUISJOSEPHPAPINEAUANDMADAMEPAPINEAU.FromMorgan's"TypesofCanadianWomen"(copyright,1903),bypermission.HON.LOUISJOSEPHPAPINEAUANDMADAMEPAPINEAU.FromMorgan's"TypesofCanadianWomen"(copyright,1903),bypermission."Itwasalovelyvision,"saidMr.Papineau,whohadjustperformedthefeatofcanoeingtothefootoftheChaudiereFallsforthefirsttime."Onourreturnweclimbedtheruggedcliffonthesouthside,andnevershallIforgetthepanoramathatspreadoutbeforeus.Thesun,sinkingslowlybehindtheLaurentianhills,hadclothedhimselfwitharobeofsplendor.Thelongreflectionslaysoftonthewatersoftheriverbelow.ThecloudsofascendingmistfromtheChaudieretookathousandshadesofcolorasthewesternskyfadedslowlyfromcrimsonintogoldandfromgoldtogreenandgray,andfinallydisplayeddarkshapes,outofwhichimaginationmightwellhaveformedathousandmonsters.**LouisJoseph,afterwardsknownastheDemosthenesofCanada,andwhoalmostsucceededinmakingCanadaaRepublic,withhimselfasPresident,wasevidentlymuchimpressedwiththescene,whichhedescribedasfollows:"Lesoleiletaitpretdecendresousl'horison,lamureilletoutlimpideetaitd'unetransparencevivre,toutpenetreedelumierevaguementprismatiseé.""Aswewatchedthegatheringshadowsmythoughtswentbacktwohundredyears,tothetimewhenChamplainwentonhisfirsttripupthe'RivieredesAlgoumequins,'ashecalledit.AbouttwoyearsbeforehetookthetriphesentNicholasdeVignan,ayoungFrenchman,uptheriverwithsomefriendlyIndians,andNicholashadreturnedwiththemarvellousstorythathehadreachedtheNorthSea.Hesaidthatthejourneycouldbemadeinafewdays.HealsogaveanaccountofhavingseenthewreckofanEnglishship."Champlainwascompletelytakenin,andlostnotimeinstartingofftoverifythediscoveryforwhichtheworldhadbeenlookingforsometime.HisfleetconsistedoftwocanoeswithtwoIndiansandthreeFrenchmen,oneofwhomwasDgemploymenttooveronehundredmen.FortunatelyforthepioneersoftheOttawa,theywerenotdependentuponthesmallrevenuederivedfromthecultivationoftheland,buthadotherresourceswhichaffordedthemmuchgreaterremuneration.TheBritishNavy,whichhithertohadbeendependentuponRussiaforitscordageandlumber,hadtolookelsewhereforitssupplyofhempandtimber,owingtotheportsoftheBaltichavingbeenclosedtoBritishships.Thepriceofhemphavingrisenfrom£25to£118perton,theyundertookthecultivationofit,andraisedoverthree-fourthsoftheamountraisedinLowerCanadaatthattime.Theexportationoflumberandvegetablealkali,orpotash,werealsogreatsourcesofrevenue.Inthenewclearancesweretonsofwoodashesfromwhichthelyewasextractedandboiledtillitlookedlikemolteniron,abarrelofwhichsoldatthattimeforthirtydollars.Prosperityandsuccesscrownedeverycommercialenterpriseuponwhichtheyventureduntilfireswepteverymill,factoryanddwellinginthethrivinglittlevillageoutofexistence,includingthousandsofdollarsincashinasmallsafeintheoffice,quantitiesofwheat,hemp,sawnlumber,lathsandgeneralmerchandise.Astherewasnocompensationinthewayofinsurance,thelosswasmuchfelt.PhilemonWrightwasnotthemantobedeterredfromclimbingtheladderofsuccess,eventhoughhehadtomountitbytherungsofadversecircumstances.Thoughthelosssustainedwasgreat,almostoverwhelming,heroseaboveitwithacouragewhichyieldednottodisappointmentorfailure.Thecauseofthefirelongremainedamystery.Thatitwastheworkofanincendiarywasbeyondquestion.Varioustheorieswereadvocatedbythesettlers,butsuspicionresteduponMachecawa,who,itwasalleged,hadbeenseenbythebookkeeperatalatehourlingeringaboutthemills,asuspicionwhichgainednocredencewiththeChiefandhisfamily.阳系的周围还包裹着一个庞大的“奥尔特云”。星云内分布着不计其数的冰块、雪团和碎石。其中的某些会受太阳引力影响飞入内太阳系,这就是彗[76]在超新星爆发的过程中所释放的能量,需要我们的太阳燃烧900亿年才能与之相当。[77]超新星研究有着关乎人类自身命运的深层意义。如果一颗超新星爆发的位置非常接近地球,目前国际天文学界普遍认为此距离在100光年以内,它就能够对地球的生物圈产生明显的影响,这样的超新星被称为近地超新星。有研究认为,在地球历史上的奥陶纪大灭绝,就是一颗近地超新星引起的,这次灭绝导致当时地球近60%的海洋生物消失。[78]
克莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形,而球面或轮胎面是可克莱因瓶克莱因瓶定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶,有一点似乎令人困惑--克莱因瓶的瓶颈和瓶身是相交的,换句话近代科学兴起的先驱者、是捍卫科学真理并为此献身的殉道士。有另一种说法认为,近代以来关于罗马梵蒂冈的地心说和哥白尼的日心说的斗争是被严重夸大的。布鲁诺1600年遭受火刑的原因,并非因知行星围绕太阳作圆周运动。然而,人们是否能接受哥白尼提出的新的宇宙模式呢?全世界的人——尤其是权力极大的天主教会是否相信太阳是宇宙中心这一说法呢?由于害怕教会的惩罚,哥白尼在世时不敢公开他的发现。1543年,这一发现才公诸天下。即使在那个时候,哥白尼的发现还不断受到教会高无上的真理,凡是违背圣经的学说,Eighteenmonthspassed.TheChiefwasinQuebecwithHannahandAbbieawaitingthearrivalofRug,whohadbeensentbyhisfathertotheMotherLandtodisposeoftwocargoesoftimber.ItwasanunusuallycoldeveninginJune.Snowhadbeenfallingallday.Theneighboringhillswerecoveredwithlargefeatherycrystals,which,however,soonmeltedasthesunappearedforamomentbeforesinkingbehindthegraywallsoftheCastleSt.Louis.Justastheeveninggunwasfired,newshadreachedtheunionHotelthatavesselhadbeensightedneartheIslandofOrleans.ItwasascertainedthatitwagainstaseavoyagefromthetimetheyleftLiverpool."Noristhisall,"hesaid;"Ihavesomethingbetterstillonboardforthenewsettlement,namely,twenty-fiveEnglishfamilies,whoaregoingtotakeuplandinthetownshipandpayforitinwork.""Andwhonearlyturnedmutineers,"addedthecaptain,slappinghimontheshoulder,"didtheynot,Wright?""Howwasthat?"askedtheChief."WhenweboardedthevesselatLiverpool,"repliedRug,"somewerebrightandcheerful,butmostofthemwereintears,whichshowedthattheydidnotleavetheOldLandwithoutastruggle.Wesoonweighedanchorandwereundersailwithafairwind,butitcameroundtotheeastandblewfresher,sothatwewereforcedtocometoanchornotfarfromtheplaceweleft.Theship,asyoumaysee,wasfittedupforthetimbertrade,andhasonlyasmallcabinorquarter-deck.Oneachsidearerangedtwotiersofberthsforpassengersprovidingtheirownbedding.Alongtheopenspaceinthemiddleweplacedtworowsoflargechestswhichwereusedsometimesastables,sometimesasseats—allofwhichIshallshowyoupresently.Therewasmuchnoiseandconfusionbeforeallfoundberths;cryingchildren,swearingsailors,scoldingwomen,whohadnotbeenabletosecurethebedstheywanted,producedachorusofaverymelancholynature.Thedisagreeablenessofitwasheightenedbythedarknessofthenightandtherollingandanewandbettercountry."AswenearedthebanksofNewfoundlandamostextraordinaryphenomenonwasproducedbythedashingofthesaltwateragainstthebowoftheshipintheevening.Thewaterseemedonfireandproducedaveryfineeffect.Thenextdayamassoficeappearedabouttwohundredyardsdistant.Itwasalmosthalfamileinlength,andwasmovingsouth-east.SoonafterwefoundthechannelbetweenCapeBretonandCapeRay,andgotintotheice.Thecaptainsenteightmentothebowwithfenders.Onepieceknockedsplintersoffthebowandthrewusalldown.AboutfivedayslaterwereachedtheIslandofAnticosti,butIwastooilltoseeit.Wesawporpoisesinshoalsplungingabouttheship,whilethesailorstriedtoharpoonthembeneaththebow.AbouttwohundredandeightymilesbelowQuebecthepilotcameonboard.Hisnumberwaspaintedinlargecharactersonhissailaswellasonhisboat.Hehadacaskoffreshwaterandsomemaplesugar,whichhesoldatanextortionatepricetothepassengers."NearBicIslandwesawwhalesspoutingwateratagreatheight,andahabitantcameoutinaboatwithalargebasketofeggs,whichhedisposedofatashillingperdozen,andsowecontinuedonuntilthedomesandtowersofQuebeccameinsightandIbegantorealizetheinexpressiblejoyofbeingathomeoncemore."**DiaryofRev.RobertBellandlettersofR.Wright.Rugwasayoungmanofgreatexecutiveability,ayoungmanwhosewordcouldberelieduponwithabsolutecertainty,ayoungmanwhoprovedhimselftheverysoulofhonorinallhisbusinesstransactions.都被斥为“异端邪说”,凡是反对神权统治的人,都被处以火刑。新兴的资产阶级为自己的生存和发展,掀起了一场反对封建制度和教会迷信思想的斗争,出现了人文主义的思潮。他们使用的战斗武器,就是未被神学染污的古希腊的哲学、科学和文艺。这就是震撼欧洲的文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴首先发生于意大利,很快就扩大到波兰及欧洲其他国家。与此同时,商业的活跃也促进了对外贸易的发展。在“黄金”这个符咒的驱使下,许多欧洲冒险者远航非洲、印度及整个远东地区。远洋航行需要丰富的天文和地理知识,从实际中积累起来的观测资料,使人们感到当时流行的“地静天动”的宇宙CHAPTERIV.ANINDIANSUITOR.1803.MachecawaandhisfriendO'JawescawabecamefrequentvisitorsattheWigwam.Theywouldcomeinthemorning,uninvited,andsitsilentlyalldaylongbeforetheopenfireandobserveallthatwasgoingon.Thespinning-wheelandhand-loomwereobjectsofunceasinginteresttothem,andthoughitprovedagreatdistractiontothechildrenintheirstudies,andtothegirlsintheperformanceoftheirdomesticduties,tohavethemthere,theywerealwaystreatednotonlywithrespectbutwithconsiderationandkindness.OnemorningMachecawastoodgazingintentlyintothefire.Hisfaceworeanexpressionofperplexity.AtlengthheturnedtotheWhiteChief,whowasexplainingamathematicalproblemtooneofhisboys,andsaid:"BigInjun,hewanttospeakhisthoughtsfrombooks.Hewanttoknowwhiteman'sManitou.""MayIteachhim,father?Justforanhoureveryday?"saidChrissy,atall,fair,thoughtfulgirlofseventyourneck,Machecawa?"saidBearie,thesecondson,ashort,wellknit,sturdy-lookingyouthofeighteen,whoseeveryexpressionreflectedabright,happy,generousdisposition."SheammyManitou,"repliedtheIndian.&q39;younoeatnoteengseexdays.'ByembyIamdreamsometeeng,me,datsometeengsheammymanitou.Shehelpmekillbeegbear;shemakdemIroquoisdogsrunlikeonewildmoose.Myfaddersheampleese;shemakemymanitouonmyarm—see!"hesaid,rollinguphissleeve.Onhisshoulderwastherudeoutlineofafish,whichhadbeentatooedwithsharpbonesandwiththejuiceofberriesrubbedin."Butwhatisinthelittlebag?"askedBearie."Willyouletmeseeit?"Afteragooddealofreluctancehegaveinatlast,andtwocuriousboysuntiedthepreciousparcel,whiletheothers,equallycurious,lookedoverhisshouldersatafewoldbrokenfishboneswhichwereallthelittlebagcontained."Well,oldman,"saidBearie,slowlyreplacingthesacredrelics,"weputourfaithinsomethingbetterthanthat.ThewhitemantruststheGreatSpiritinheaventocareforhimandtotakehimtoheavenwhenhedies.""Anybearinhebben?"askedtheIndian."No,"saidBearie,"onlygoodpeople.""DathebbensheamnogoodforbigInjun,"saidMachecawa,sadly."Dehappyhuntinggroundsheamfullofmoose,buffalo,bear,beaver.Sheamfar,farawayatdeendofland,wheredesunshesleep—two,treemoonsaway.Onebeegdogsheamcross,an'shebarkatdeadInjun,buthegoon,an'on,an'on,an'denheamglad."Itbegantodawnuponthevigilantmotheratlengththatitwasnotsomuchthewondersofcivilizationnorthedesireto"speakhisthoughtsfrombooks"thatledMachecawadayafterdaytotheWigwam,asanever-increasinginterestinherfun-lovingdaughter,Abbie,whowasayearyoungerthanChrissy,andwhoseemedunconsciousofthefactthattheeyesoftheredchiefwereeveruponher.学说值得怀疑,这就要求人们进一步去探索宇宙的秘密,从而推进了天文学和地理学的发展。1492年,意大利著名的航海家哥伦布发现新大陆,麦哲伦和他的同伴绕地球一周,证明地球是圆形的,使人们开始真正认识地球。[4]对他国的影响在教会严密控制下的中世纪,也发生过轰轰烈烈的宗教革命。因为天主教的很多教义不符合圣经的教诲,而加入了太多教皇的个人意志以及各类神学家的自身成果,所以很多信徒开始质疑天主教的教义和组织,发起回归圣经的行动来。捷克的爱国主义者、布拉格大学校长扬·胡斯(1369~1415年)在君士坦丁堡的宗教会议上公开谴责德意志封建主与天主教会对捷克的压迫和剥削。他虽然被反动教会处以火刑,但他的革命活动在社会上引起了强烈的反应。捷克农民在胡斯党人的旗帜下举行起义,这次运动也波及波兰。1517年,在德国,马丁·路德(1483~1546年)反对教会贩卖赎罪符,与罗马教皇公开决裂。1521年,路德又在沃尔姆国会上揭露罗马教廷的罪恶,并提出建立基督教新教的主张。新教的教义得到许多国家的支持,波兰也深受影响。
在飒飒的秋风里,刘禹锡站在西塞山下,他仿佛能看到王朝摇摇欲坠的命运……
—回复“早安”,开启一天的新生活—
版权声明:文章源于网络,版权归原作者所有,侵权必删。
投稿信箱:1871084747@qq.com
本期编辑:译史君
让我知道你在看!